Storage Management and Data Warehousing

Meaning: Raw, unprocessed facts — numbers, characters, transactions; Banking example: 123456; : 5000; : CR; : 12/06/2026

Meaning: Data processed in a meaningful context; Banking example: "Account 123456 was credited ₹5,000 on 12 June 2026"

Meaning: Inferences drawn by combining information with experience/judgement; Banking example: "This account shows salary-credit pattern — eligible for pre-approved personal loan"

Meaning: Strategic use of knowledge for decision-making; Banking example: "Cross-sell PL product to all such accounts in T+1 window"

is a collection of programs that store and manage files on a computer's hard disk.

the same customer's name and address may sit in the deposit file, the loan file, the locker file, the demat file. Updating one without updating others creates inconsistent state.

files are scattered across locations in different formats; new ad-hoc queries need fresh programs.

business rules ("balance can't go below zero", "PAN must be 10 chars") are hard to enforce uniformly; each new rule needs program changes.