SFB · SMALLFINANCE

BANKER'S SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP

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Q

What is the meaning of 'special relationship' between a banker and customer?

A

It refers to the unique fiduciary and contractual duties a bank owes to its customer beyond a simple debtor-creditor relationship, including confidentiality, duty of care, and good faith.

Q

What is the nature of the relationship between a bank and a customer who deposits money?

A

Bank becomes debtor; customer becomes creditor of the bank.

Q

When does the relationship of debtor and creditor arise between a bank and its customer?

A

When a customer deposits money, the bank becomes the debtor and the customer becomes the creditor; when a loan is granted, the roles reverse with the customer as debtor and the bank as creditor.

Q

What is a 'general lien' that a banker exercises over customer securities?

A

Right to retain all securities until all dues are paid.

Q

What is the duty of secrecy owed by a banker to its customer?

A

A banker is under an implied legal duty not to disclose a customer's account details or transactions to any third party without the customer's consent, legal compulsion, or public duty.

Q

Under which Act is a bank legally obligated to disclose customer information to authorities?

A

Income Tax Act, FEMA, and Prevention of Money Laundering Act.

Q

Under which landmark case was the banker's duty of secrecy first established?

A

The duty of secrecy was established in Tournier v. National Provincial and Union Bank of England (1924), which identified four exceptions to this duty.

Q

What is the rule regarding appropriation when a debtor pays money without specifying its application?

A

Bank may apply payment to any lawful debt, even a time-barred one.

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