Digital Payment Systems and NPCI
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ECS (Debit/Credit) — Operator / Regulator / Used For?
Operator: Banks via RBI; Regulator: RBI; Used For: Bulk debit/credit (now largely migrated to NACH)
RTGS — Operator / Regulator / Used For?
Operator: RBI; Regulator: RBI; Used For: High-value real-time, ≥ ₹2 lakh, 24×7 since Dec 2020
NEFT — Operator / Regulator / Used For?
Operator: RBI; Regulator: RBI; Used For: Any value retail, 24×7 since Dec 2019
CTS — Operator / Regulator / Used For?
Operator: NPCI (regional grids); Regulator: RBI; Used For: Cheque image-based clearing, pan-India one-grid since Sep 2021
IMPS — Operator / Regulator / Used For?
Operator: NPCI; Regulator: RBI; Used For: Instant interbank, 24×7, multi-channel
UPI — Operator / Regulator / Used For?
Operator: NPCI; Regulator: RBI; Used For: Account-to-account real-time via VPA/QR
NACH — Operator / Regulator / Used For?
Operator: NPCI; Regulator: RBI; Used For: Bulk repetitive interbank credits/debits
Cards (Credit/Debit/PPI) — Operator / Regulator / Used For?
Operator: Banks/PPI Issuers; Regulator: RBI; Used For: Card-based payments
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