EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION

Motivation is the internal drive that energizes, directs, and sustains employee behaviour towards achieving organisational goals. It influences the intensity and persistence of effort put in by an employee.

To energise, direct, and sustain employee behaviour toward goals.

Abraham Maslow proposed the Hierarchy of Needs theory, which arranges human needs into five levels: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualisation, each motivating behaviour when unsatisfied.

Hygiene factors (maintenance factors).

Herzberg identified Hygiene factors (e.g., salary, working conditions, job security) that prevent dissatisfaction, and Motivators (e.g., achievement, recognition, responsibility) that actively drive job satisfaction and motivation.

Need for achievement, affiliation, and power.

Theory X assumes employees are inherently lazy, dislike work, avoid responsibility, and must be controlled and coerced to achieve organisational objectives.

The value or desirability an individual places on a specific outcome.